таких как сердце и его сосуды: Zdenek Matloch et al., “The Role of Inflammation in Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Heart Diseases”, Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 3 (2018); M. Iantorno et al., “Obesity, Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction”, Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents 28, no. 2 (April– June 2014).

и как метаболическое, и как иммунное заболевание: См., например: Steven E. Shoelson, Laura Herrero, and Afia Naaz, “Obesity, Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance”, Gastroenterology 132, no. 6 (May 2007); Jongsoon Lee, “Adipose Tissue Macrophages in the Development of Obesity-Induced Inflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes”, Archives of Pharmacal Research 36, no. 2 (Feb. 2013); Joanne C. McNelis and Jerrold M. Olefsky, “Macrophages, Immunity, and Metabolic Disease”, Immunity 41, no. 1 (July 17, 2014); Marc Y. Donath, “Targeting Inflammation in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Time to Start”, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 13, no. 6 (June 2014).

организм бы буквально съел самого себя заживо: Odegaard and Chawla, “Pleiotropic Actions of Insulin Resistance”.

Вильгельм Эбштейн писал: Steven Shoelson, “JMM – Past and Present”, Journal of Molecular Medicine 80 (2002).

столкнулся с тем же открытием: Steven E. Shoelson, Jongsoon Lee, and Allison B. Goldfine, “Inflammation and Insulin Resistance”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 116, no. 7 (July 2006).

за некоторыми исключениями: Robert B. Supernaw, “Chapter 111 – Simple Analgesics”, in Pain Management, ed. Steven D. Waldman and Joseph I. Bloch (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2007).

TNF-α нарушает сигнальные пути инсулина: Gökhan S. Hotamisligil et al., “IRS‑1Mediated Inhibition of Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activity in TNF-αlphaand Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance”, Science 271, no. 5249 (Feb. 2, 1996).

снижают секрецию инсулина: Michael L. McDaniel et al., “Cytokines andNitric Oxide in Islet Inflammation and Diabetes”, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 211, no. 1 (Jan. 1996).

но и поджелудочную железу: K. Eguchi and I. Manabe, “Macrophages and Islet Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes”, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism: A Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 15, Suppl. 3 (Sept. 2013).

гораздо чаще диагностируют диабет второго типа: Aruna D. Pradhan et al., “C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus”, Journal of the American Medical Association 286, no. 3 (July 18, 2001).

некоторые критики задаются вопросом: Shannon M. Reilly and Alan R. Saltiel, “Adapting to Obesity with Adipose Tissue Inflammation”, Nature Reviews Endocrinology 13, no. 11 (Nov. 2017).

наносит вред и является прямой причиной этого процесса: Gokhan Hotamisligil, interview with author, Feb. 2019.

способствовать развитию заболеваний печени: Giovanni Tarantino, “Gut Microbiome, Obesity-Related Comorbidities, and Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation”, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 99, no. 7 (July 2014); Anne M. Minihane et al., “LowGrade Inflammation, Diet Composition and Health: Current Research Evidence and Its Translation”, British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 7 (Oct. 14, 2015).

Воспаление создает дополнительный, довольно высокий риск: См., например: Andrew J. Dannenberg and Nathan A. Berger, Obesity, Inflammation and Cancer, 7 (New York: Springer, 2013); Ryan Kolb, Fayyaz S. Sutterwala, and Weizhou Zhang, “Obesity and Cancer: Inflammation Bridges the Two”, Current Opinion in Pharmacology 29 (Aug. 2016); Marek Wagner, Eli Sihn Samdal Steinskog, and Helge Wiig, “Adipose Tissue Macrophages: The Inflammatory Link between Obesity and Cancer?”, Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 19, no. 4 (April 2015); Tuo Deng et al., “Obesity, Inflammation, and Cancer”, Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease 11 (May 23, 2016).

Глава 6. Серое вещество

Журналисты отмечали: Vikhanski, Immunity.

решил сосредоточить свое внимание на цитокине IL‑6: Luigi Ferrucci et al., “Serum Il-6 Level and the Development of Disability in Older Persons”, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 47, no. 6 (1999); Tamara B. Harris et al., “Associations of Elevated Interleukin‑6 and C-Reactive Protein Levels with Mortality in the Elderly”, American Journal of Medicine 106, no. 5 (May 1999).

с годами привлекало все больше внимания: См., например: Claudio Franceschi and Judith Campisi, “Chronic Inflammation (Inflammaging) and Its Potential Contribution to Age-Associated Diseases”, Journals of Gerontology: Series A 69, Suppl. 1 (2014); Claudio Franceschi et al., “Inflammaging”, in Handbook of Immunosenescence: Basic Understanding and Clinical Implications, ed. Tamas Fulop et al. (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019); Luigi Ferrucci and Elisa Fabbri, “Inflammageing: Chronic Inflammation in Ageing, Cardiovascular Disease, and Frailty”, Nature Reviews Cardiology 15, no. 9 (Sept. 2018); Yumiko Oishi and Ichiro Manabe, “Macrophages in Age-Related Chronic Inflammatory Diseases”, NPJ Aging and Mechanisms of Disease 2, no. 1 (2016).

было признано одним из «отличительных признаков старения»: Основные признаки биологического старения были впервые опубликованы в работе 2013 года. В 2014 году этот тип воспаления был признан одним из отличительных признаков старения. См: Carlos López-Otín et al., “The Hallmarks of Aging”, Cell 153, no. 6 (June 6, 2013); Brian K. Kennedy et al., “Geroscience: Linking Aging to Chronic Disease”, Cell 159, no. 4 (Nov. 6, 2014).

активирует макрофаги и другие иммунные клетки: Claudio Franceschi et al., “Inflammaging and ‘GarbAging’”, Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 28, no. 3 (2017).

может сильно повлиять на один или сразу несколько характерных признаков старения: Arsun Bektas et al., “Aging, Inflammation and the Environment”, Experimental Gerontology 105 (May 1, 2018).

поврежденные клетки просто поддаются времени: Darren J. Baker et al., “Naturally Occurring P16ink4a-Positive Cells Shorten Healthy Lifespan”, Nature 530, no. 7589 (Feb. 1, 2016); Francesco Prattichizzo et al., “Senescence Associated Macrophages and “Macroph-Aging”: Are They Pieces of the Same Puzzle?” Aging (Albany NY) 8, no. 12 (Dec. 7, 2016).

исследования на животных показывают: Melissa L. Harris et al., “A Direct Link between Mitf, Innate Immunity, and Hair Graying”, PLOS Biology 16, no. 5 (2018).

риск развития заболеваний почек: Richard L. Amdur et al., “Inflammation and Progression of Ckd: The Cric Study”, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 11, no. 9 (Sept. 7, 2016).

накапливаются триггеры воспаления: Oleh M. Akchurin and Frederick Kaskel, “Update on Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease”, Blood Purification 39, nos.1–3 (2015); Dominic S. Raj, Roberto Pecoits-Filho, and Paul L. Kimmel, “Chapter 17: Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease”, in Chronic Renal Disease, ed. Paul L. Kimmel and Mark E. Rosenberg (San Diego: Academic Press, 2015); Simona Mihai