Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, С. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs et al. (2nd edn) (Leiden, 1960–2005).

Encyclopedia Iranica, ed. Ehsan Yarshater (London and New York, 1996—) Eph’al, L: «Ishmael» and «Arab(s)»: A Transformation of Ethnological Terms’ (journal of Near Eastern Studies 35, 1976).

Esmonde Cleary, A. S.: The Ending of Roman Britain (London, 1989) Ettinghausen, Richard: Arab Painting (Geneva, 1962).

Evans, J. A. S.: The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power (London, 1996).

Farrokh, Kaveh: Sassanian Elite Cavalry, ad 224–642 (Oxford, 2005).

Ibid. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War (Oxford, 2007).

Flood, Finbarr Barry: The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture (Leiden, 2001).

Flusin, Bernard: ‘L’Esplanade du Temple a l’arrivee des Arabes, d’apres deux recits byzantins’, in Raby and Johns.

Fonrobert, Charlotte Elisheva and Jaffee, Martin S. (eds): The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature (Cambridge, 2007).

Forsyth, George H. and Weitzmann, Kurt: The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai (Ann Arbor, 1974).

Foss, Clive: The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity’ (English Historical Review 90, 1975).

Ibid. Ephesus after Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine and Turkish City (Cambridge, 1979).

Fowden, Garth: ‘Constantine’s Porphyry Column: the Earliest Literary Allusion’ (Journal of Roman Studies 81, 1991).

Ibid. Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993).

Frankfurter, David T. M.: ’Stylites and Phallobates: Pillar Religions in Late Antique Syria’ (Vigiliae Christianae 44, 1990).

French, D. H. and Lightfoot, C. S. (eds): The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire (2 vols) (Oxford, 1989).

Friedman, Richard Elliot: Who Wrote the Bible& (New York, 1987).

Frye, Richard N.: The Golden Age of Persia: The Arabs in the East (London, 1975).

Ibid. The History of Ancient Iran (Munich, 1984).

Gabriel, Richard A.: Muhammad: Islam’s First Great general (Norman, 2007).

Gager, John G.: ‘Did Jewish Christans See the Rise of Islam?’, in Becker and Reed

Garnsey, p.D.A., and Whittaker, C.R. (eds): Imperialism in the Ancient World (Cambridge, 1978).

Gaspar, C.: ‘The King of Kings and the Holy Men: Royal Authority and Sacred Power in the Early Byzantine World’, in Monotheistic Kingship: The Medieval Variants, ed. Aziz Al-Azmeh and Janos M. Bak (Budapest, 2004).

Gaube, Heinz: ‘Mazdak: Historical Reality or Invention’ (Studia Iranica 11, 1982).

Ghirshman, R.: Les Chionites-Hephthalites (Cairo, 1948).

Ibid. Persian Art: The Parthian and Sasanian Dynasties (London, 1962).

Ibid. Persia. From the Origins to Alexander, trans. Stuart Gilbert and James Emmons (London, 1964).

Gibbon, Edward: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (3 vols) (London, 1994).

Gilliot, Claude: ’Muhammad, le Coran et les «Contraintes de l’Histoire’», in Wild Gnoli, Gherardo: Zoroaster’s Time and Homeland: A Study on the Origins of Mazdeism and Related Problems (Naples, 1980).

Ibid. The Idea of Iran An Essay on its Origin (Rome, 1989).

Goldziher, Ignaz: Muslim Studies, trans. Barber and Stern (2 vols) (London, 1967–1971).

Ibid. Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law, trans. Andras Hamori and Ruth Hamori (Princeton, 1981).

Gonen, Rivka: Contested Holiness: Jewish, Muslim and Christian Perspectives on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem (Jersey City, 2003).

Goodblatt, David M.: Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism (Cambridge, 2006) Grabar, Oleg: The Formation of Islamic Art (New Haven, 1973).

Ibid. The Dome of the Rock (Cambridge, Mass., 2006).

Graf, David F.: Rome and the Arabian Frontier: From the Nabataeans to the Saracens (Aldershot, 1997).

Graf, David F. and O’Connor, M.: ‘The Origin of the Term Saracen and the Rawwafa Inscriptions’ (Byzantine studies 4, 1977).

Green, Tamara M.: The City of Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran (Leiden, 1992).

Gregory, Timothy E.: A History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2005).

Grierson, Philip: ‘The Monetary Reforms of ‘Abd al-Malik” (Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 3, 1960).

Griffith, S.H.: ‘’’Syriacisms” in the Arabic Qur’an: Who Were ‘Those who said that Allah is third of three, according to al-Ma'idah 73?', in A Word Fitly Spoken: Studies in Mediaeval Exegesis of the Hebrew Bible and the Quran, ed. Meir M. Bar-Asher, Simon Hopkins, Sarah Stroumsa and Bruno Chiesa (Jerusalem, 2007).

Ibid. ‘Christian Lord and the Arabic Qur’an: The “Companions of the Cave” in Surat al-Kahf and in Syriac Christian Tradition’, in Reynolds Grohmann, A.: ‘Apercu de papyrologie arabe’ (Etudes de Papyrologie 1, 1932).

Ibid. Arabic Papyri from Hirbet el-Mird (Louvain, 1963).

Gruen, Erich S.: Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome (Ithaca, 1992) Grunebaum, G. E. von: Classical Islam: A History, 600 ad to 1258 ad, trans. Katherine Wilson (New Brunswick, 2005).

Guidi, M.: ‘Mazdak’, in Encyclopaedia of Islam Guilland, Ro-dolphe: L’Expedition de Maslama contre Constantinople’ (Etudes Byzantines 1, 1959).

Gutas, Dimitri: Greek Thought, Arabic Culture (London, 1998).

Gyselen, Rika: The Four Generals of the Sasanian Empire: Some Sigillographic Evidence (Rome, 2001).

Haas, Christopher: Alexandria in Late Antiquity: Topography and Social Conflict (Baltimore, 1997).

Hakim, Avraham: ‘Conflicting Images of Lawgivers: The Caliph and the Prophet’, in Berg 2003.

Haldon, J. F.: Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture (Cambridge, 1990).

Haldon J. F. and Kennedy, H.: ‘The Arab-Byzantine Frontier in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries: Military Organisation and Society in the Borderlands’ (Zbornik Radova 19, 1980).

Hallaq, Wael В.: ’Was the Gate of ljtihad Closed?’ (International Journal of Middle East Studies 16, 1984).

Hardy, Edward R.: ’The Egyptian Policy of Justinian’ (Dumbarton Oaks Papers 22, 1968).

Harris, Anthea: Byzantium, Britain and the West: The Archaeology of Cultural Identity, ad 400–650 (Stroud, 2003).

Harvey, Susan Ashbrook and Hunter, David G. (eds): The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies (Oxford, 2008).

Hawting, G. R.: ’The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the «Well of the Ka’ba’» (Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43, 1980).