40. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, pp. 331–332.

41. From Helvedius No. 4, quoted in McGinnis, 1997, p. 130.

42. Boehm, 1999; de Waal, 1998; Dunbar, 1998.

43. Singer, 1999, p. 5.

44. L. Arnhart, M. J. Behe, & W. A. Dembski, "Conservatives, Darwin, and design: An exchange," First Things, 107, November 2000, pp. 23–31.

45. For arguments similar to Singer's, see Brociner, 2001.

46. Singer, 1999, p. 6.

47. Singer, 1999, pp. 8–9.

48. Chomsky, 1970, p. 22.

49. See Barsky, 1997; Chomsky, 1988a.

50. Chomsky, 1975, p. 131.

51. Trivers, 1981.

52. A. Wooldridge, "Bell Curve liberals," New Republic, February 27, 1995.

53. Herrnstein & Murray, 1994, chap. 22. See also Murray's afterword in the 1996 paperback edition.

54. Gigerenzer&Selten, 2001; Jones, 2001; Kahneman&Tversky, 1984; Thaler, 1994; Tversky&Kahneman, 1974.

55. Akerlof, 1984; Daly & Wilson, 1994; Jones, 2001; Rogers, 1994.

56. Frank, 1999; Frank, 1985.

57. Bowles &Gintis, 1998; Bowles &Gintis, 1999.

58. Gintis, 2000.

59. Wilkinson, 2000.

60. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Daly, Wilson, &Vasdev, 2001; Wilson & Daly, 1997.

Глава 17. Насилие

1. Quoted by R. Cooper in "The long peace," Prospect, April 1999.

2. National Defense Council Foundation, Alexandria, Va., www.ndcf.org/index.htm.

3. Bamforth, 1994; Chagnon, 1996; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Ember, 1978; Ghiglieri, 1999; Gibbons, 1997; Keeley, 1996; Kingdon, 1993; Knauft, 1987; Krech, 1994; Krech, 1999; Wrangham& Peterson, 1996.

4. Keeley, 1996; Walker, 2001.

5. Gibbons, 1997; Holden, 2000.

6. Fernández-Jalvo et al., 1996.

7. FBI Uniform Crime Reports 1999: www.fbi.gov/ucr/99cius.htm.

8. Seville, 1990.

9. Ortega y Gasset, 1932/1985, epilogue.

10. New York Times, June 13, 1999.

11. Paul Billings, quoted in B. H. Kevles& D. J. Kevles, "Scapegoat biology," Discover, October 1997, pp. 59–62, quotation from p. 62.

12. B. H. Kevles& D. J. Kevles, "Scapegoat biology," Discover, October 1997, pp. 59–62, quotation from p. 62.

13. Daphne White, quoted in M. Wilkinson, "Parent group lists 'dirty dozen' toys," Boston Globe, December 5, 2000, p. A5.

14. H. Spivak& D. Prothrow-Stith, "The next tragedy of Jonesboro," Boston Globe, April 5, 1998.

15. C. Burrell, "Study of inmates cites abuse factor," Associated Press, April 27, 1998.

16. G. Kane, "Violence as a cultural imperative," Boston Sunday Globe, October 6, 1996.

17. Quoted in A. Flint, "Some see bombing's roots in a US culture of conflict," Boston Globe, June 1, 1995.

18. A. Flint, "Some see bombing's roots in a US culture of conflict," Boston Globe, June 1, 1995.

19. M. Zuckoff, "More murders, more debate," Boston Globe, July 31, 1999.

20. A. Diamant, "What's the matter with men?" Boston Globe Magazine, March 14, 1993.

21. Mesquida& Wiener, 1996.

22. Freedman, 2002.

23. Fischoff, 1999; Freedman, 1984; Freedman, 1996; Freedman, 2002; Renfrew, 1997.

24. Charlton, 1997.

25. J. Q. Wilson, "Hostility in America," New Republic, August 25, 1997, pp. 38–41.

26. Nisbett& Cohen, 1996.

27. E. Marshal, "The shots heard 'round the world," Science, 289, 2000, pp. 570–574.

28. Wakefield, 1992.

29. M. Enserink, "Searching for the mark of Cain," Science, 289, 2000, pp. 575–579; quotation from p. 579.

30. Clark, 1970, p. 220.

31. Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. be.

32. Shipman, 1994, p. 252.

33. E. Marshal, "A sinister plot or victim of politics?" Science, 289, 2000, p. 571.

34. Shipman, 1994, p. 243.

35. Quoted in R. Wright, "The biology of violence," New Yorker, March 13, 1995, pp. 68–77; quotation from p. 69.

36. Daly & Wilson, 1988.

37. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Rogers, 1994; Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985.

38. Quoted by Frederick Goodwin in R. Wright, "The biology of violence," New Yorker, March 13, 1995, p. 70.

39. C. Holden, "The violence of the lambs," Science, 289, 2000, pp. 580–581.

40. Hare, 1993; Lykken, 1995; Rice, 1997.

41. Ghiglieri, 1999; Wrangham& Peterson, 1996.

42. Davidson, Putnam, & Larson, 2000; Renfrew, 1997.

43. Geary, 1998, pp. 226–227; Sherif, 1966.

44. R. Tremblay, quoted in C. Holden, "The violence of the lambs," Science, 289, 2000, pp. 580–581.

45. Buss &Duntley, in press; Kenrick& Sheets, 1994.

46. Hobbes, 1651/1957, p. 185.

47. Dawkins, 1976/1989, p. 66.

48. Bueno de Mesquita, 1981.

49. Trivers, 1972.

50. Chagnon, 1992; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Keeley, 1996.

51. Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 163.

52. Rogers, 1994; Wilson & Daly, 1997.

53. Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985.

54. Mesquida& Wiener, 1996.

55. Singer, 1981.

56. Wright, 2000.

57. Glover, 1999.

58. Zimbardo, Maslach, & Haney, 2000.

59. Quoted in Glover, 1999, p. 53.

60. Quoted in Glover, 1999, pp. 37–38.

61. Bourke, 1999, pp. 63–64; Graves, 1992; Spiller, 1988.

62. Bourke, 1999; Glover, 1999; Horowitz, 2001.

63. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Glover, 1999; Schelling, 1960.

64. Chagnon, 1992; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Wrangham& Peterson, 1996.

65. Van den Berghe, 1981.

66. Epstein, 1994; Epstein & Axtell, 1996; Richardson, 1960; Saperstein, 1995.

67. Chagnon, 1988; Chagnon, 1992.

68. Glover, 1999.

69. Vasquez, 1992.

70. Rosen, 1992.

71. Wrangham, 1999.

72. Daly & Wilson, 1988.

73. Daly & Wilson, 1988, pp. 225–226.

74. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Frank, 1988; Schelling, 1960.