et al., ‘Information Evolution in Social Networks’, Proceedings of the Ninth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM’16), 2016.

394

Cheng J. et al., ‘Do Diffusion Protocols Govern Cascade Growth?’, AAAI Publications, 2018.

395

О первых проектах BuzzFeed: Rice A., ‘Does BuzzFeed Know the Secret?’, New York Magazine, 7 April 2013.

396

Watts D.J. et al., ‘Viral Marketing for the Real World’, Harvard Business Review, 2007.

397

Guardian Datablog, ‘Who are the most social publishers on the web?’, The Guardian Online, 3 October 2013.

398

Salmon F., ‘BuzzFeed’s Jonah Peretti Goes Long’, Fusion, 11 June 2014.

399

Martin T. et al., ‘Exploring Limits to Prediction in Complex Social Systems’, Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web, 2016.

400

Shulman B. et al., ‘Predictability of Popularity: Gaps between Prediction and Understanding’, International Conference on Web and Social Media, 2016.

401

Cheng J. et al., ‘Can cascades be predicted?’, Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web, 2014.

402

Yucesoy B. et al., ‘Success in books: a big data approach to bestsellers’, EPJ Data Science, 2018.

403

McMahon V., ‘#Neknominate girl’s shame: I’m sorry for drinking a goldfish’, Irish Mirror, 5 February 2014.

404

Многие видео Neknomination можно посмотреть на YouTube; Fricker M., ‘RSPCA hunt yob who downed NekNomination cocktail containing cider, eggs, battery fluid, urine and THREE goldfish’, Mirror, 5 February 2014.

405

Пример освещения в прессе: Fishwick C., ‘NekNominate: should Facebook ban the controversial drinking game?’, The Guardian, 11 February 2014; ‘“Neknomination”: Facebook ignores calls for ban after two deaths’, Evening Standard, 3 February 2014.

406

More or Less: ‘Neknomination Outbreak’, BBC World Service Online, 22 February 2014.

407

Kucharski A.J., ‘Modelling the transmission dynamics of online social contagion’, arXiv, 2016.

408

Исследователи из Университета Уорвика выявили такой же уровень предсказуемости. Основываясь на динамике игры Neknomination, они точно предсказали четырехнедельную продолжительность Ice Bucket Challenge после появления этой игры несколько месяцев спустя. Sprague D.A. and House T., ‘Evidence for complex contagion models of social contagion from observational data’, PLOS ONE, 2017.

409

Cheng J. et al., ‘Do Cascades Recur?’, Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web, 2016.

410

Crane R. and Sornette D., ‘Robust dynamic classes revealed by measuring the response function of a social system’, PNAS, 2008.

411

Tan C. et al., ‘Lost in Propagation? Unfolding News Cycles from the Source’, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 2016; Tatar A. et al., ‘A survey on predicting the popularity of web content’, Journal of Internet Services and Applications, 2014.

412

Vosoughi S. et al., ‘The spread of true and false news online’, Science, 2018.

413

Примеры из: Romero D.M., ‘Differences in the Mechanics of Information Diffusion Across Topics: Idioms, Political Hashtags, and Complex Contagion on Twitter’, Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on World Wide Web, 2011; State B. and Adamic L.A., ‘The Diffusion of Support in an Online Social Movement: Evidence from the Adoption of Equal-Sign Profile Pictures’, Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, 2015; Guilbeault D. et al., ‘Complex Contagions: A Decade in Review’, in Lehmann S. and Ahn Y. (eds.), Spreading Dynamics in Social Systems (Springer Nature, 2018).

414

Weng L. et al., ‘Virality Prediction and Community Structure in Social Networks’, Scientific Reports, 2013.

415

Centola D., How Behavior Spreads: The Science of Complex Contagions (Princeton University Press, 2018).

416

Anderson C., ‘The End of Theory: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete’, Wired, 23 June 2008.

417

‘Big Data, for better or worse: 90 per cent of world’s data generated over last two years’, Science Daily, 22 May 2013.

418

Фразу приписывают Гудхарту в такой формулировке. В оригинале она звучала так: «Любая наблюдаемая статистическая закономерность начинает рушиться, когда на нее оказывается давление с целью контроля». Goodhart C., ‘Problems of Monetary Management: The U.K. Experience’, in Courakis, A.S. (ed.), Inflation, Depression, and Economic Policy in the West (Springer 1981).

419

Small J.P., Wax Tablets of the Mind: Cognitive Studies of Memory and Literacy in Classical Antiquity (Routledge, 1997).

420

Lewis K. et al., ‘The Structure of Online Activism’, Sociological Science, 2014.

421

Gabielkov M. et al., ‘Social Clicks: What and Who Gets Read on Twitter?’, ACM SIGMETRICS, 2016.

422

Цитаты из интервью автора с Дином Эклзом, август 2017 года.

423

Эту фразу приписывают ему, но первоисточник неизвестен.

424

Один из самых распространенных примеров отслеживания – Facebook Pixel. Источник: ‘Conversion Tracking’, Facebook for Developers, 2019. https://developers.facebook.com/docs/facebook-pixel.

425

Временные интервалы взяты из Lederer B., ‘200 Milliseconds: The Life of a Programmatic RTB Ad Impression’, Shelly Palmer, 9 June 2014.

426

Nsubuga J., ‘Conservative MP Gavin Barwell in “date Arab girls” Twitter gaffe’, Metro, 18 March 2013.

427

Albright J., ‘Who Hacked the Election? Ad Tech did. Through “Fake News,” Identify Resolution and Hyper-Personalization’, Medium, 30