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333

Dumke M. and Main F., ‘A look inside the watch list Chicago police fought to keep secret’, Associated Press, 18 June 2017.

334

Материалы об алгоритме SSL: Posadas B., ‘How strategic is Chicago’s “Strategic Subjects List”? Upturn investigates’, Medium, 22 June 2017; Asher J. and Arthur R., ‘Inside the Algorithm That Tries to Predict Gun Violence in Chicago’, New York Times, 13 June 2017; Kunichoff Y. and Sier P., ‘The Contradictions of Chicago Police’s Secretive List’, Chicago Magazine, 21 August 2017.

335

По оценке Посадас (Medium, 2017), доля группы риска = 287 404/398 684 = 0,72. Из них 88 592 человека (31 %) никогда не подвергались аресту и не были жертвами преступлений.

336

Hemenway D., While We Were Sleeping: Success Stories in Injury and Violence Prevention (University of California Press, 2009).

337

О теории разбитых окон: Kelling G.L. and Wilson J.Q., ‘Broken Windows’, The Atlantic, March 1982; Harcourt B.E. and Ludwig J., ‘Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York City and a Five-City Social Experiment’, University of Chicago Law Review, 2005.

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Childress S., ‘The Problem with “Broken Windows” Policing’, Public Broadcasting Service, 28 June 2016.

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Keizer K. et al., ‘The Spreading of Disorder’, Science, 2008.

340

Keizer K. et al., ‘The Importance of Demonstratively Restoring Order’, PLOS ONE, 2013.

341

Tcherni-Buzzeo M., ‘The “Great American Crime Decline”: Possible explanations’, In Krohn M.D. et al., Handbook on Crime and Deviance, 2nd edition, (Springer, New York 2019).

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Альтернативные гипотезы и сопутствующая критика: Levitt S.D., ‘Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2004; Nevin R., ‘How Lead Exposure Relates to Temporal Changes in IQ, Violent Crime, and Unwed Pregnancy’, Environmental Research Section A, 2000; Foote C.L. and Goetz C.F., ‘The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime: Comment’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2008; Casciani D., ‘Did removing lead from petrol spark a decline in crime?’, BBC News Online, 21 April 2014.

343

Интервью автора с Мелиссой Трейси, август 2018 года.

344

Lowrey A., ‘True Crime Costs’, Slate, 21 October 2010.

345

История BuzzFeed: Peretti J., ‘My Nike Media Adventure’, The Nation, 9 April 2001; электронная переписка со специалистами техподдержки Nike iD, http://www.yorku.ca/dzwick/niked.html; Salmon F., ‘BuzzFeed’s Jonah Peretti Goes Long’, Fusion, 11 June 2014; Lagorio-Chafkin C., ‘The Humble Origins of BuzzFeed’, Inc., 3 March 2014; Rice A., ‘Does BuzzFeed Know the Secret?’, New York Magazine, 7 April 2013.

346

Peretti J., ‘My Nike Media Adventure’, The Nation, 9 April 2001.

347

Цитаты из интервью автора с Дунканом Уоттсом, февраль 2018 года. Более подробно об этом исследовании: Watts D., Everything is Obvious: Why Common Sense is Nonsense (Atlantic Books, 2011).

348

Milgram S., ‘The small-world problem’, Psychology Today, 1967.

349

Dodds P.S. et al., ‘An Experimental Study of Search in Global Social Networks’, Science, 2003.

350

Bakshy E. et al., ‘Everyone’s an Influencer: Quantifying Influence on Twitter’, Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM’11), 2011.

351

Aral S. and Walker D., ‘Identifying Influential and Susceptible Members of Social Networks’, Science, 2012.

352

Aral S. and Dillon P., ‘Social influence maximization under empirical influence models’, Nature Human Behaviour, 2018.

353

Ugander J. et al., ‘The Anatomy of the Facebook Social Graph’, arXiv, 2011; Kim D.A. et al., ‘Social network targeting to maximise population behaviour change: a cluster randomized controlled trial’, The Lancet, 2015; Newman M.E., ‘Assortative mixing in networks’, Physical Review Letters, 2002; Apicella C.L. et al., ‘Social networks and cooperation in hunter-gatherers’, Nature, 2012.

354

Aral S. and Dillon P., Nature Human Behaviour, 2018; Bakshy E. et al., WSDM, 2011; Kim D.A. et al., The Lancet, 2015.

355

Buckee C.O.F. et al., ‘The effects of host contact network structure on pathogen diversity and strain structure’, PNAS, 2004; Kucharski A., ‘Study epidemiology of fake news’, Nature, 2016.

356

Bessi A. et al., ‘Science vs Conspiracy: Collective Narratives in the Age of Misinformation’, PLOS ONE, 2015; Garimella K. et al., ‘Political Discourse on Social Media: Echo Chambers, Gatekeepers, and the Price of Bipartisanship‘, Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference 2018, 2018.

357

Goldacre B., Bad Science (Fourth Estate, 2008); The Editors of The Lancet, ‘Retraction – Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children’, The Lancet, 2010.

358

Finnegan G., ‘Rise in vaccine hesitancy related to pursuit of purity’, Horizon Magazine, 26 April 2018; Larson H.J., ‘Maternal immunization: The new “normal” (or it should be)’, Vaccine, 2015; Larson H.J. et al., ‘Tracking the global spread of vaccine sentiments: The global response to Japan’s suspension of its HPV vaccine recommendation’, Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 2014.

359

О вариоляции: ‘Variolation – an overview’, ScienceDirect Topics, 2018.

360

Вольтер, «Письмо XI» из «Писем об английской нации» (1734).

361

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