G. , Ahmed, S., Morse, A., Koob, G., and Everitt, B., “Conditioning and opiate withdrawal,” Nature 405 (2000): 1013.

С. 393. Потенциация проекций на дофаминовые нейроны: Ungless, M., Whistler, J., Malenka, R., and Bonci, A., “Single cocaine exposure in vivo induces LTP in dopamine neurons,” Nature 411 (2001): 583; Bao, S., Chan, V., and Merzenich, M., “Cortical remodeling induced by activity of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons,” Nature 412

(2001) : 79; Nestler, E., “Total recall — the memory of addiction,” Science 292 (2001): 2266; Hyman, S., and Malenka, R., “Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence,” Nature Neuroscience 2 (2001): 695. Электростимуляция проводящего пути: Vorel, S., Liu, X., Hayes, R., Spector, J., and Gardner, E., “Relapse to cocaine-seeking after hippocampal theta burst stimulation,” Science 292

(2001) : 1175.

С. 394. Алкоголь повышает уровни глюкокортикоидов: Taylor, A., and Pilati, M., “Alcohol, alcoholism and stress: a psychobiological perspective,” in Fink, G., ed., Encyclopedia of Stress (San Diego: Academic Press, 2000), vol. 1: 131; алкоголь ослабляет влияние КРГ: Valdez, G. R., Roberts, A. J., Chan, K., Davis, H., Brennan, M., Zorrilla, E. P., and Koob, G. F., “Increased ethanol self-administration and anxietylike behavior during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence: regulation by corticotropin-releasing factor,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 26

(2002):1494-1501.

С. 395. Предсказуемый и непредсказуемый стресс: Piazza and Le Moal, “The role of stress,” op. cit. Morgan, D., Grant, K., Gage, H., Mach, R., Kaplan, J., Prioleau, O., Nader,

5., Buchheimer, N., Ehrenkaufer, R., and Nader, M., “Social dominance in monkeys: dopamine D2 receptors and cocaine selfadministration,” Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 169-74; Ellison, G., “Stress and alcohol intake: the socio-pharmacological approach,” Physiology and Behavior 40 (1987): 387. Стресс способствует увеличению потребления алкоголя: Taylor, op. cit. Стресс должен возникать непосредственно перед принятием наркотика: Piazza and Le Moal, “The role of stress,” op. cit.

С. 396. Пренатальный стресс, склонность взрослых к наркотикам: DeTurck, K., and Pohorecky, L., “Ethanol sensitivity in rats: effect of prenatal stress,” Physiology and Behavior 40 (1987): 407. Осложнение при рождении: Brake, W., Sullivan, R., and Gratton, A., “Perinatal distress leads to lateralized medial prefrontal cortical dopamine hypofunction in adult rats,” Journal of Neuroscience 20 (2000): 5538. Также в младенчестве: Taylor and Pilati, op. cit. Разлучение у обезьян: Bennet et al., op. cit. “Separation in humans,” cited in Taylor and Pilati, op. cit.; Bohman, M., Sigvardsson,

5., Cloninger, R., and Von Knorring, A., “Alcoholism: lessons from population, family and adoption studies,” Alcohol and Alcoholism (1987): supp. 1, 55.

С. 396. Стресс повышает степень злоупотребления: Piazza, P., and Le Moal, M., “Interactions between stress and drugs of abuse,” in Fink, G., ed., Encyclopedia of Stress (San Diego: Academic Press, 2000), vol. 2: 586. КГР повышается во время прекращения приема наркотиков: Service, R., “Probing alcoholism’s dark side,” Science 285

(1999) : 1473. Уровни глюкокортикоидов повышаются при прекращении приема наркотиков: Leshner, A., “Drug use and abuse” в Fink, G., ed., Encyclopedia of Stress (San Diego: Academic Press, 2000), vol. 1: 755. Стресс непосредственно перед возвращением в клетку: Leshner, ibid.

С. 398. Крысы с высокой подверженностью внешней стимуляции: Piazza, P., Deminiere, J., Le Moal, M., and Simon, H., “Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine selfadministration,” Science 245 (1989): 1511; Kabbaj, M., Devine, D. P., Savage, V. R., and Akil, H., “Neurobiological correlates of individual differences in noveltyseeking behavior in the rat: differential expression of stress-related molecules,” Journal of Neuroscience 20 (2000): 6983.

С. 400. Sterling, P., “Principles of allostasis: optimal design, predictive regulation, pathophysiology and rational therapeutics” в Schulkin, J., ed., Allostasis, Homeostasis, and the Costs of Adaptation (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003).

Глава 17. Взгляд снизу

С. 402. Рудольф Вирхов: Rosen, G., “The evolution of social medicine,” in Freeman,

H. , Levine, S., and Reeder, L., eds., Handbook of Medical Sociology, 2d ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972). Также является источником цитат Вирхова.

С. 404. Введение в социальное поведение бабуинов: Strum, S., Almost Human (New York: Random House, 1987); Smuts, B., Sex and Friend in Baboons (New York: Aldine, 1985); Ransom, T., Beach Troop of the Gombe (Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press, 1981).

С. 405. Повышенные уровни глюкокортикоидов и другие проблемы у самцов бабуинов с низким рангом: Sapolsky, R., “Adrenocortical function, social rank and personality among wild baboons,” Biological Psychiatry 28 (1990): 862; Sapolsky, R., “Endocrinology alfresco: psychoendocrine studies of wild baboons,” Recent Progress in Hormone Research 48 (1993): 437; Sapolsky, R., and Spencer, E., “Social subordinance is associated with suppression of insulin-like growth factor I in a population of wild primates,” American Journal of Physiology 273 (1997): R1346. Сходные темы для макак-резус: Kaplan, J., Manuck, S., Anthony, M., and Clarkson, T., “Premenopausal social status and hormone exposure predict postmenopausal atherosclerosis in female monkeys,” Obstetrics and Gynecology 99 (2002): 381-83.

С. 407. Обзор различий, связанных со стрессом, при реакции на стресс у других видов: Sapolsky, R., “The physiological and pathophysiological implications of social stress in mammals,» In McEwen, B., ed., Coping with the Environment. Handbook of Physiology (Washington, D.C.: American Physiological Association Press), in press.

С. 408. Обзор для мармозеток: Abbott, D., Saltzman, W., Schultz-Darken, N., and Smith, T., “Specific neuroendocrine mechanisms not involving generalized stress mediate social regulation of female reproduction in cooperatively breeding marmoset monkeys,” in Carter, C., Kirpatrick, B., Liederhendler, I., eds., The Integrative Neurobiology of Affiliation (New York: New York Academy of Sciences Press, 1997).

С. 408. Жизнь занимающих доминирующее положение гиеновых собак и мангустов: Creel, S., Creel, N., and Monfort, S., “Social stress and dominance,” Nature 379

(1996) : 212; Creel, S., “Social dominance and stress hormones,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16 (2001): 491. Недавнее исследование с участием Эббота и других специалистов по приматам: Abbott, D., Keverne, E., Bercovith, F., Shively, C., Mendoza,

S., Saltzman, W., Snowdon, C., Ziegler, T., Banjevic, M., Garland, T., and Sapolsky, R., “Are subordinates always stressed? Acomparative analysis of rank differences in cortisol levels among primates,” Hormones and Behavior 43 (2003): 67.

С. 409. Введение в культуру животных: Wrangham, R., Chimpanzee Cultures (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994); De Waal, F., The Ape and the Sushi Master (New York: Basic Books, 2001); Laland, K., and Hoppitt, W., “Do animals have culture?” Evolutionary Anthropology 12 (2003): 150-59.