система управления, которая работает неведомо как и вопреки всему (от англ. kludge – самоделка, временное решение, принятое на скорую руку).

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1197

Marc Andreesen, «It’s Time to Build», Andreesen Horowitz, April 18, 2020, https://a16z.com/2020/04/18/its-timetobuild/; Ezra Klein, «Why We Can’t Build», Vox, April 22, 2020, https://www.vox.com/2020/4/22/21228469/marc-andreessen-build-government-coronavirus; Steven M. Teles, «Kludgeocracy: The American Way of Policy», New America Foundation, December 2012, pp. 1-11, https://static.newamerica.org/attachments/4209-kludgeocracy-the-american-wayofpolicy/Teles_Steven_Kludgeocracy_NAF_Dec2012.d8a805aa40e34bca9e2fecb018a3dcb0.pdf.

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1198

Пландемия – рукотворная эпидемия; инфодемия – «эпидемия» ложной информации.

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1199

For just one of many examples: Jeff Horwitz and Deepa Seetharaman, «Facebook♦ Executives Shut Down Efforts to Make the Site Less Divisive», Wall Street Journal, May 26, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-knowsitencourages-division-top-executives-nixed-solutions-11590507499.

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1200

Я намеревался посвятить этой важнейшей истории 2020 года две главы: в одной раскрывались бы проблемы, выявленные во время выборов 2016 года («Структурные изменения публичной сферы»), а в другой – неспособность законодателей и регулирующих органов достичь к 2020 году хоть каких-то существенных улучшений («Что не было сделано»). Однако из-за нехватки места от этих глав пришлось отказаться. (Прим. авт.)

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1201

«Coronavirus: How a Misleading Map Went Global», BBC News, February 19, 2020.

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1202

Lena H. Sun, «CDC to Cut by 80 Percent Efforts to Prevent Global Disease Outbreak», Washington Post, February 1, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/toyour-health/wp/2018/02/01/cdctocutby80percent-effortstoprevent-global-disease-outbreak/; Glenn Kessler, «No, Trump Didn’t Shut Down 37 of 47 Global Anti-Pandemic Programs», Washington Post, March 4, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/04/notrump-didnt-shut-down3747global-anti-pandemic-programs/.

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1203

Leonardo Bursztyn et al., «Misinformation During a Pandemic», Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper No. 2020-044 (June 2020), pp. 1-118, https://bfi.uchicago.edu/wpcontent/uploads/BFI_WP_202044.pdf.

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1204

Andrey Simonov et al., «The Persuasive Effect of Fox News: Non-Compliance with Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic», NBER Working Paper No. 27237 (July 2020), pp. 1-70, http://www.nber.org/papers/w27237.

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1205

Lijian Zhao (@zlj517), «CDC was caught on the spot», Twitter, March 12, 2020, 8:37 a.m., https://twitter.com/zlj517/status/1238111898828066823.

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1206

Steven Lee Myers, «China Spins Tale That the U. S. Army Started the Coronavirus Epidemic», New York Times, March 13, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/world/asia/coronavirus-china-conspiracy-theory.html.

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1207

Edward Wong, Matthew Rosenberg, and Julian E. Barnes, «Chinese Agents Helped Spread Messages That Sowed Virus Panic in U. S., Officials Say», New York Times, April 22, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/us/politics/coronavirus-china-disinformation.html.

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1208

Virginia Alvino Young, «Nearly Half of the Twitter Accounts Discussing ‘Reopening America’ May Be Bots», Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science, May 20, 2020, https://www.cs.cmu.edu/news/nearly-half-twitter-accounts-discussing-reopening-america-maybebots.

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1209

«Analysis of June 2020 Twitter Takedowns Linked to China, Russia and Turkey», Stanford Internet Observatory Cyber Policy Center blog, June 11, 2020, https://cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/io/news/june-2020-twitter-takedown#china.

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1210

Dominic Kennedy, «British Academics Sharing Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories Online», Times, April 11, 2020, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/british-academics-sharing-coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-online-v8nn99zmv.

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1211

Ben Norton (@BenjaminNorton), «@TheGrayzoneNews we published the exposé many people have asked for», Twitter, July 9, 2020, 11:15 a.m., https://twitter.com/BenjaminNorton/status/1281275778316095491; Jeremy Loffredo and Michele Greenstein, «Why the Bill Gates Global Health Empire Promises More Empire and Less Public Health», The Gray Zone, July 8, 2020, https://thegrayzone.com/2020/07/08/bill-gates-global-health-policy/.

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1212

Kevin Roose, «Get Ready for a Vaccine Information War», New York Times, June 3, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/technology/coronavirus-vaccine-disinformation.html.

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1213

Karen Kornbluh, Ellen P. Goodman, and Eli Weiner, «Safeguarding Democracy Against Disinformation», German Marshall Fund of the United States, March 24, 2020, http://www.gmfus.org/publications/safeguarding-democracy-against-disinformation.

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1214

Neil F. Johnson et al., «The Online Competition Between Pro-and Anti-Vaccination Views», Nature 582 (May 13, 2020), pp. 230–233, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-22811; Ari Sen and Brandy Zadrozny, «QAnon Groups Have Millions of Members on Facebook♦, Documents Show», NBC News, August 10, 2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/qanon-groups-have-millions-members-facebook-documents-show-n1236317.

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1215

«Conspiracies of Corona», Pulsar Platform, https://www.pulsarplatform.com/resources/the-conspiraciesofcorona/.

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1216

Horwitz and Seetharaman, «Facebook♦ Executives Shut Down Efforts».

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1217

Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Dolores Albarracín, «The Relation Between Media Consumption and Misinformation at the Outset of the SARS-CoV2 Pandemic in the U. S.», Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review 1 (April 20, 2020), pp. 1-22, https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/the-relation-between-media-consumption-and-misinformationatthe-outsetofthe-sars-cov2pandemicintheus/.

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1218

«On Coronavirus and Conspiracies», Public Policy and the Past (blog), April 17, 2020, http://publicpol icypast.blogspot.com/2020/04/oncoronavirus-and-conspiracies.html. But