Lendemains qui déchantent. Le Parti communiste français à la Libération (Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1993). Cf. also S. Courtois and M. Lazar, Histoire du Parti communiste français, 2nd edn (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2000), pp. 204-15.

348

Quoted in Courtois and Lazar, Histoire du Parti communiste français, p. 213.

349

P. Robrieux, Histoire intérieure du Parti communiste, Vol. II, 1945–1972 (Paris: Fayard, 1981), p. 77.

350

RSASPH, 82/2/1353, pp. 52-3.

351

RSASPH, 82/2/1353, p. 54. Original italics.

352

RSASPH, 82/2/1353, p. 58.

353

The record of this conversation, from which the ensuing quotations are taken, is in RSASPH, 45/1/390, pp. 85–93. A French translation may be found in Communisme 45-6 (1996).

354

Some arms were hidden, though there is no evidence that this was done systematically. Cf. A. Harris and A. de Sédouy, Qui n’est pas de droite? (Paris: Le Seuil, 1978), Pp. 212-3.

355

Buton, Les Lendemains, p. 188.

356

De Gaulle, War Memoirs, Vol. III, p. 67.

357

Quoted in A. Grosser, Politique extérieure (Paris: Flammarion, 1984), p. 26.

358

Cf. Buton, Les Lendemains, pp. 269-70.

359

In September 1944, 61 per cent of respondents to an IFOP poll conducted in Paris considered that the USSR was making the greatest contribution to Germany’s defeat (quoted in Courtois and Lazar, Histoire du Parti communiste, p. 226).

360

L’Humanité, 4 May 1945.

361

P. Martin, Les élections municipales en France depuis 1945 (Paris: La Documentation Française, 2001), pp. 20-1.

362

Pravda, 16 May 1945.

363

M. Thorez, Articles et discours choisis (Moscow: Politicheskaya Literatura, 1966), p. 254.

364

Thorez in a speech to mineworkers on 21 July 1945, quoted in Buton, Le Lendemains, p. 196.

365

M. Thorez, (Euvres, Vol. xxi (Paris, Éditions Sociales, 1963), pp. 126-7; Pravila, 1 June 1945.

366

Documents on the Foreign Policy of the USSR, Vol. xx, Moscow, 1973, p. 613; Courtois and Lazar, Histoire du PCF, p. 229.

367

Pravda, 28 October 1945.

368

Cf. Chapter 2.

369

Pravda, 19 October 1945.

370

Pravda, 25 October 1945.

371

Pravda, 28 October 1945.

372

Pravda, 22 January 1946.

373

Pravda, 8 May 1946.

374

Pravda, 3 June 1946.

375

Pravda, 6 June 1946.

376

Izvestia, 19 June 1946.

377

Pravda, 20 June 1946

378

Pravda, 16 June 1946.

379

The following account is taken from RSASPH, 82/2/1353, pp. 64-9. A French translation may be found in Communisme 35-7 (1994).

380

Cf. Chapters 2 and 3.

381

Pravda, 9 October 1946.

382

Pravda, 9 October 1946.

383

Pravda, 13 October 1946

384

Pravda, 16 October 1946.

385

Ramadier, unlike de Gaulle, had allowed a Communist into the Defence Ministry – but not before creating a separate ministry under him for each of the three armed services: these were headed by non-Communists.

386

Buton, Les Lendemains, pp. 295–302; Courtois and Lazar, Histoire du PCF, p. 259.

387

The best account of this episode remains G. Elgey, La République des illusions, 1945–1951 (Paris: Fayard, 1965), pp. 288–291.

388

Courtois and Lazar, Histoire du PCF, pp. 260–262; Robrieux, Histoire intérieure du Parti communiste, Vol. п, pp. 198–204.

389

Royal Institute of International Affairs, Documents on International Affairs, 1947–1948 (London: RIIA, 1952), pp. 122–146.

390

Courtois and Lazar, Histoire du PCF, p. 278. For a contemporary reaction, cf. Duff Cooper to Ernest Bevin, 13 November 1947, NA/FO/371/67683; Duff Cooper, Britain’s ambassador to Paris, viewed the speech as a ‘complete reversal’ of policy imposed by Zhdanov.

391

V. Lorwin, The French Labor Movement (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), pp. 119–120.

392

Courtois and Lazar, Histoire du PCF, p. 282.

393

W. Müller and K. Strøm (eds), Policy, Office or Votes? How Political Parties in Western Europe Make Hard Decisions (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999).

394

The top PCF leadership also enjoyed a particularly lavish lifestyle in the Liberation years: cf. Robrieux, Histoire intérieure du Parti communiste, Vol. II, pp. 154-7.

395

Cf. M.-C. Lavabre and F. Platone, Que reste-t-il du PCF? (Paris: CEVIPOF/Autrement, 2003).

396

Впервые опубликовано: Наумова Н. Н. «Независимые» на пути к власти (1944–1951 гг.) // Французский ежегодник 2003. М., 2003. С. 197–213.

397

Merle M. Les modérés // Partis politiques et classes sociales en France. P., 1955; Rémond R. La droite en