Шрифт:
Интервал:
Закладка:
Таким образом, понятия возможности и случайности в их традиционной форме применимы только к конечным областям вселенной, тогда как во всей бесконечной вселенной необходимо реализуются все допустимые истории.
[Антропный принцип, антропный отбор, антропное мышление] Идея того, что история нашего мира (нашей Н-области, нашей Галактики, нашей Солнечной системы и так далее) не зависела от какого-то специального «механизма», но была просто «выбрана» из бесконечного набора всех историй, гарантированно реализовавшихся в бесконечной вселенной, благодаря тому, что оказалась благоприятной для возникновения сложной жизни.
Антропный отбор — эпистемологический, а не онтологический принцип, и его не надо воспринимать как активный процесс какого-либо рода. Такова формулировка слабого антропного принципа, принятого в данной работе. Сильный антропный принцип предполагает возникновение сознания как цель космической истории; это концепция телеологическая и ненаучная.
(1948) O Polozhenii V Biologicheskoi Nauke. Stenograficheskii Otchet Sessii Vsesoyuznoi Akademii Selskohozyastvennyh Nauk Imeni V. I. Lenina. (On the Situation in Biological Science. A Transcript of the Session of the V. I. Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, July 31-August 7, 1948. Moscow, USSR: The State Agricultural Literature Publishers.
‘t Hooft, G. (1993) Dimensional Reduction in Quantum Gravity. gr-qc/9310026.
Adami C. (2002) What Is Complexity? Bioessays 24: 1,085—1,094.
Adl, S. M., A. G. Simpson, M. A. Farmer, R. A. Andersen, O. R. Anderson, J. R. Barta, S. S. Bowser, G. Brugerolle, R. A. Fensome, S. Fredericq, T. Y. James, S. Karpov, P. Kugrens, J. Krug, C. E. Lane, L. A. Lewis, J. Lodge, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. M. McCourt, L. Mendoza, O. Moestrup, S. E. Mozley-Standridge, T. A. Nerad, C. A. Shearer, A. V. Smirnov, F. W. Spiegel, and M. F. Taylor. (2005) The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 52: 399–451.
Agol V. I. (1974) Towards the System of Viruses. Biosystems 6: 113–132.
Agol V. I., and A. P. Gmyl. (2010) Viral Security Proteins: Counteracting Host Defences. Nat Rev Microbiol 8: 867–878.
Ahlquist P. (2006) Parallels among Positive-Strand RNA Viruses, Reverse-Transcribing Viruses and Double-Stranded RNA Viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 4: 371–382.
Alic N., N. Ayoub, E. Landrieux, E. Favry, P. Baudouin-Cornu, M. Riva, and C. Carles. (2007) Selectivity and Proofreading Both Contribute Significantly to the Fidelity of RNA Polymerase III Transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 10,400—10,405.
Allen, E. E., and J. F. Banfield. (2005) Community Genomics in Microbial Ecology and Evolution. Nat Rev Microbiol 3: 489–498.
Alperovitch-Lavy, A., I. Sharon, F. Rohwer, E. M. Aro, F. Glaser, R. Milo, N. Nelson, and O. Beja. (2011) Reconstructing a Puzzle: Existence of Cyanophages Containing Both Photosystem-I and Photosystem-II Gene Suites Inferred from Oceanic Metagenomic Datasets. Environ Microbiol 13: 24–32.
Altschul, S. F., T. L. Madden, A. A. Schaffer, J. Zhang, Z. Zhang, W. Miller, and D. J. Lipman. (1997) Gapped Blast and Psi-Blast: A New Generation of Protein Database Search Programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 3,389—3,402.
Altstein, A. D. (1987) Origin of the Genetic System. Mol Biol 21: 309–322.
Amaral, P. P., M. E. Dinger, T. R. Mercer, and J. S. Mattick. (2008) The Eukaryotic Genome as an RNA Machine. Science 319: 1,787—1,789.
Anantharaman, V., E. V. Koonin, and L. Aravind. (2002) Comparative Genomics and Evolution of Proteins Involved in RNA Metabolism. Nucleic Acids Res 30: 1,427—1,464.
Anfinsen, C. B. (1973) Principles That Govern the Folding of Protein Chains. Science 181: 223–230.
Aquadro, C. F. (1997) Insights into the Evolutionary Process from Patterns of DNA Sequence Variability. Curr Opin Genet Dev 7: 835–840.
Aravind, L., V. Anantharaman, S. Balaji, M. M. Babu, and L. M. Iyer. (2005) The Many Faces of the Helix-Turn-Helix Domain: Transcription Regulation and Beyond. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29: 231–262.
Aravind, L., L. M. Iyer and E. V. Koonin. (2006) Comparative Genomics and Structural Biology of the Molecular Innovations of Eukaryotes. Curr Opin Struct Biol 16: 409–419.
Aravind, L., and E. V. Koonin. (1999) DNA-Binding Proteins and Evolution of Transcription Regulation in the Archaea. Nucleic Acids Res 27: 4,658—4,670.
Aravind, L., and E. V. Koonin. (2001) The DNA-Repair Protein Alkb, Egl-9, and Leprecan Define New Families of 2-Oxoglutarate — and Iron-Dependent Dioxygenases. Genome Biol 2: RESEARCH0007.
Aravind, L., R. Mazumder, S. Vasudevan, and E. V. Koonin. (2002) Trends in Protein Evolution Inferred from Sequence and Structure Analysis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 12: 392–399.
Aravind, L., R. L. Tatusov, Y. I. Wolf, D. R. Walker, and E. V. Koonin. (1998) Evidence for Massive Gene Exchange Between Archaeal and Bacterial Hyperthermophiles. Trends Genet 14: 442–444.
Aravind, L., D. R. Walker, and E. V. Koonin. (1999) Conserved Domains in DNA Repair Proteins and Evolution of Repair Systems. Nucleic Acids Res 27: 1,223—1,242.
Assis, R., and A. S. Kondrashov. (2009) Rapid Repetitive Element-Mediated Expansion of piRNA Clusters in Mammalian Evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 7,079—7,082.
Assis, R., A. S. Kondrashov, E. V. Koonin, and F. A. Kondrashov. (2008) Nested Genes and Increasing Organizational Complexity of Metazoan Genomes. Trends Genet 24: 475–478.
Atkins, J. F., R. F. Gesteland, and T. R. Cech, eds. (2010) RNA Worlds: From Life’s Origins to Diversity in Gene Regulation. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Auster, P. (1991) The Music of Chance. New York: Penguin.
Autexier, C., and N. F. Lue. (2006) The Structure and Function of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase. Annu Rev Biochem 75: 493–517.
Baaske, P., F. M. Weinert, S. Duhr, K. H. Lemke, M. J. Russell, and D. Braun. (2007) Extreme Accumulation of Nucleotides in Simulated Hydrothermal Pore Systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 9,346—9,351.
Babu, M., N. Beloglazova, R. Flick, C. Graham, T. Skarina, B. Nocek, A. Gagarinova, O. Pogoutse, G. Brown, A. Binkowski, S. Phanse, A. Joachimiak, E. V. Koonin, A. Savchenko, A. Emili, J. Greenblatt, A. M. Edwards, and A. F. Yakunin. (2011) A Dual Function of the CRISPR-Cas System in Bacterial Antivirus Immunity and DNA Repair. Mol Microbiol 79: 484–502.
